分类： 心理学 >> 认知心理学 提交时间： 2024-09-02
摘要： When accessing the learning effect in statistical learning, participants are requested to distinguish target words from partwords or nonwords in a two-alternative forced-choice task. However, this task did not answer how individuals represent target words and foils, and thus may not be sufficient in providing an independent learning effect on the items. The current study examined the explicit learning effect for each word type with a familiarity rating task. Participants were randomly assigned to learn a continuous artificial speech in one of three conditions: a baseline, short-exposure time, or long-exposure time condition. The ratings scores and correlations across three types of words between the baseline condition and the other two learning conditions were examined. Results revealed a significant contrasting learning effect: familiarity ratings for target words were significantly higher than baseline, whereas foils’ ratings were significantly lower, reflecting the explicit knowledge during the exposure phase and the metacognition during the testing process. Furthermore, the distribution of target words’ rating scores tends to be more centralized in the long-exposure time condition, suggesting a new type of SL effect. This study is the first to explore explicit learning effects across word types, and provides insight regarding how to measure SL more exactly.
分类： 生物学 >> 生物物理学 提交时间： 2016-05-12
摘要： Normal aging is associated with greater decline in associative memory relative to item memory due to impaired recollection. Familiarity may also contribute to associative recognition when stimuli are perceived as a 'unitized' representation. Given that familiarity is relatively preserved in older adults, we explored whether age-related associative memory deficits could be attenuated when associations were unitized (i.e., compounds) compared with those non-unitized (i.e., unrelated word pairs). Young and older adults performed an associative recognition task while electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded. Behavioral results showed that age differences were smaller for recognition of compounds than for unrelated word pairs. ERP results indicated that only compounds evoked an early frontal old/new effect in older adults. Moreover, the early frontal old/new effect was positively correlated with associative discrimination accuracy. These findings suggest that reduced age-related associative deficits under unitized condition may be associated with the presence of familiarity-based retrieval of compounds in older adults. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
点击量
通过
点击量
下载量
评论
待评议
