Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2025-07-18
Abstract： The rapid development and application of Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly enhanced their capabilities, influencing human-machine interactions in profound ways. As LLMs evolve, society is shifting from traditional interpersonal interactions to a multilayered structure integrating human-to-human, human-to-machine, and machine-to-machine interactions. In this context, understanding how humans perceive and evaluate LLMs—and whether this follows the Big Two model of warmth and competence in interpersonal perception—has become critical. This study examines human perceptions of LLMs through three progressive empirical studies.
Participants with prior LLM experience were recruited for the studies. Study 1 comprised two sub-studies: Study 1a (N = 207) used a free-response task, asking participants to describe their impressions of LLMs using at least three words, which were analyzed using the Semi-Automated Dictionary Creation for Analyzing Text to identify key dimensions of perception. Study 1b (N = 219) involved a lexical rating task, in which participants rated the applicability of selected evaluation words to LLMs. Study 2 (N = 178) used a questionnaire, in which participants rated a familiar LLM and provided feedback on their willingness to continue using it and their liking of it. Study 3 (N = 207) employed a questionnaire survey to assess participants’ ratings of warmth and competence for both humans and LLMs.
Study 1 found that humans primarily perceive LLMs through warmth and competence, similar to how they perceive other humans. In general contexts, participants prioritized competence over warmth when evaluating LLMs, showing a significant priority effect (odds ratio = 2.88, z = 9.512, 95% CI [2.32, 3.59], p < 0.001). This contrasts with the typical warmth-priority effect in human-to-human perception. Study 2 investigated the relationship between perceptions of warmth and competence and human attitudes toward LLMs, specifically their emotional (e.g., liking) and functional (e.g., willingness to continue using) attitudes. Results showed that both dimensions positively predicted participants’ liking and willingness to continue using LLMs. Warmth had a stronger predictive effect on liking (warmth: β = 0.41, p < 0.001; competence: β = 0.27, p < 0.001), while competence had a stronger predictive effect on willingness to continue using (warmth: β = 0.19, p = 0.005; competence: β = 0.45, p < 0.001). This outcome suggests that the priority effect of warmth and competence shifts across attitude predictions. Study 3 examined specific LLMs ratings in terms of warmth and competence. Results showed no significant difference in warmth ratings between humans (M = 5.06, SD = 1.09) and LLMs (M = 5.11, SD = 1.23), t(206) = −0.60, p = 0.551. However, LLMs were rated significantly higher on competence (M = 5.16, SD = 1.20) than humans (M = 4.81, SD = 1.23), t(206) = −3.51, p < 0.001, Cohen’s d = −0.29.
This study makes two significant contributions to the field. First, it establishes a preliminary theoretical framework for understanding human perception of LLMs. Second, it offers new insights into human-machine interaction by emphasizing the importance of warmth and competence in shaping user attitudes. The findings have practical implications for AI design and policymaking, providing a framework for improving user acceptance, optimizing LLM design, and promoting responsible human-AI coexistence.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： As an important predictor of violent crime, recidivism, and juvenile delinquency, psychopathy has received extensive attention in clinical psychology and justice research. Recent studies have conceptualized psychopathy as multidimensional constructs, proposed to further understand various phenotypic constructs of psychopathy through the interaction of distinct psychopathic dispositions. The Triarchic Model of Psychopathy (TriPM) conceptualizing psychopathy as three phenotypic structures (boldness, meanness, and disinhibition) with independent etiologic pathways, provides a framework for integrating the previous findings of the assessment, development trajectory, and neurobiological process of psychopathy.At first, the TriPM boldness includes the characteristics of stress immunity, low fear, and insensitivity to punishment. It is an adaptive expression of fearlessness genotype, which corresponds to the neurobiological dimension of low threat sensitivity. Previous studies have shown that psychopathic individuals with high affective-interpersonal (Factor 1) or boldness features are expected to exhibit reduced aversive startle potentiation, difficulty in establishing threat-related conditioning, abnormal amygdala volume, and lower levels of amygdala activation in threat context. These findings reflect the core defensive system of psychopathy—based in the amygdala and affiliated structures—is insensitive to threat or punishment cues.Second, individuals with high levels of trait disinhibition are characterized by lack of planning and foresight, poor regulation of emotion and impulse, insistence on immediate gratification, and lack of behavioral restraint. They showed reduced P3 and ERN amplitudes in go/no-go tasks and flanker tasks, fail to process and attend to contextual or environmental cues when engaged in a dominant response set (e.g., goal-directed behavior). Give the evidence that individuals with high disinhibition tend to exhibit poor performance in various cognitive tasks, it can be speculated that the impairment of executive function, in particular the impaired ability of attentional modulation, is closely associated with psychopathic disinhibition. Moreover, the motivational system (i.e., reward-seeking) may exacerbate the deficits of executive function in individuals with high disinhibition disposition. Finally, as the maladaptive expression of the fearless genotype, meanness describes a constellation of various phenotypic attributes including arrogance, rebelliousness, lack of intimacy, excitement seeking, and empowerment through cruelty. On the one hand, impaired emotional processes will lead to an empathic deficit, which may contribute to the development of psychopathic meanness. Extensive research has shown that abnormalities in physiological structures such as the insula and anterior cingulate cortex in psychopathy are associated with reduced subjective emotional experience and poor ability to recognize other’s distress cues. On the other hand, insecure attachment associated with empathic deficit may be an important environmental factor that exacerbates individual meanness disposition.By integrating the low threat sensitivity, impaired executive function, and empathic deficit of psychopathy with the boldness, disinhibition, and meanness of the TriPM model, the current study establishes a relatively complete cognition-affective processing framework of psychopathy, provides some useful information for theoretical research and clinical treatment about this personality disorder. However, this framework can not account for all the clinical conditions of psychopathy, as the factors that influence the phenotype of psychopathy are diverse. For example, previous research has demonstrated that gender, race, age, sample type, and psychopathic measures are all important moderators in the study of psychopathy. There are also controversies about the conceptualization of psychopathic variants or subtypes. In addition, the exclusivity of psychopathic phenotypes and their underlying neurobiological processes is still unclear.Therefore, future research should consider the influence of these moderators on the explanation of the results. And greater attention should be paid to the underlying etiological pathways among different psychopathic constructs, it is also a verification of the discriminative validity among three dimensions of the TriPM model. Moreover, further exploration of the precursors of adult psychopathic traits will provide important information about the development of psychopathic deviant behavior, which does great help for the early treatment and intervention of this disorder.
Subjects: Psychology >> Personality Psychology submitted time 2021-04-22
Abstract： As an important predictor of violent crime, recidivism, and juvenile delinquency, psychopathy has received extensive attention in clinical psychology and justice research. The Triarchic Model of Psychopathy conceptualized psychopathy as three phenotypic structures include boldness, meanness, and disinhibition, which counterpart to distinct cognitive and affective processing defects in neurobiological dimensions. In particular, low threat sensitivity is the main etiological basis of boldness; the impairment of executive function, especially the impaired attentional modulation will lead to disinhibition; and the empathy deficits associated with emotion recognition may contribute to the development of meanness. Future research still needs to focus on the conceptualization of psychopathy and to further investigate whether there is a common underlying etiological basis between different psychopathic variants. Meanwhile, it is necessary to explore the precursors of adult psychopathic traits for early treatment and intervention.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Geosciences >> Space Physics Subjects: Geosciences >> Marine Sciences submitted time 2016-05-13
Abstract：全球卫星导航定位系统的反射信号(GNSS-R)遥感是反演陆地和海洋表面地球物理参数的有力工具.而机载GNSS-R是一个很重要的实验平台,因为它不仅可以为空基实验提供校准依据,而且在中小尺度目标(比如河流和湖泊)的遥感方面独具优势.机载实验的研究主要包括海面风场的反演、海面高度的测量和土壤湿度的探测.首次反演海面风场和土壤湿度的机载GNSS-R实验都是由美国NASA和科罗拉多州立大学组织实施的.之后在西班牙IEEC(Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya)/CSIC(Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas)、Starlab实验室与NASA的联合实验中,海面风场的反演精度已经能够达到2 m/s.两个最早利用GNSS-R探测海面高度的机载GNSS-R实验都是美国的JPL(Jet Propulsion Laboratory)组织实施的,其中海面平均高度的探测精度已经达到了厘米级.在中国,北京航空航天大学和中国科学院遥感与数字地球研究所也组织了相应的机载GNSS-R实验.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Hits
Hits
Downloads
Comment